IntroductionAccurate measurement of mitral valve area (MVA) is essential in the management of rheumatic mitral stenosis, especially when deciding on interventions such as:• Balloon mitral valvuloplasty• Mitral valve repair or …
Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM) is a complex disease where:
👉 Left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) obstruction
While 2D TEE provides useful information, it is often limited in fully characterizing complex septal anatomy.